Specific Outcomes, Human Structure & Development : ANHB 2212.
Note : The "Comments"column largely indicates preliminary background from HB 101 and 102. Where indicated, further detail will be provided with the lecture or lab.
Topic	Outcome	Comments
Introduction	Understand the general plan of the unit with its teaching-learning strategy and philosophy and assessment methods.	For information only.
Early Embryology	Describe the salient features of early embryonic development  : Gametogenesis, fertilisation, implantation, formation of trilaminar embryo and germ layers with their major derivatives, folding of the embryo, divisions of mesoderm and segmentation.	Recapitulation from HB 101 (Reproduction), with some additions.
	Outline the general features of embryonic and foetal periods.
	Correlate developmental landmarks with timeline.	See lecture outline.
Gross Anatomy - Introduction	Demonstrate understanding of essential anatomical terminology.	Recapitulation from HB 101.
	Recognise the gross structural components of the human body. These include : Skin, superficial and deep fascia, muscles, tendons, aponeuroses, blood vessels, nerves, body cavities and internal organs.
Integration	Recognise histological components in gross anatomical structures.	This tutorial also recapitulates HB 101.
Histology - Introduction	Understand the use of the microscope.
	Understand the basic principles of histological processing - emphasis on paraffin sections and H&E staining.	Limited examination as shown in sample questions.
	Describe the structure of a cell and correlate the structure and functions of organelles.	Recapitulation : HB 101
	Recognise cells and their components and extracellular material in histological sections and photomicrographs.
	Demonstrate understanding of histological scale by estimating sizes of selected cells.
	Demonstrate understanding of the terms acidophilia and basophilia and correlate these with possible function of such components.
	Describe the advantages and limitations of the light and electron microscopes.
	Predict three-dimensional patterns of structures from a two-dimensional image of a histological section.	Supplementary exercise only.
	List the four primary tissues and their basic features and functions.	Recapitulation from HB 101.
Connective Tissue	Describe the general features of connective tissue.
	Classify connective tissue.	Overlapping outcomes for two lectures. Details of cartilage growth and comparison between cartilage and bone dealt with in Weeks 12 and 13.
	Summarise the elements of connective tissue matrix and correlate their functions. (Fibres and ground substance; types of fibres with functional correlation, composition and functions of ground substance.)
	Explain the concept of the “principal cell of connective tissue” and its function.
	Explain the terminology used in naming connective tissue cells.
	Describe the types of cells in loose connective (areolar) tissue.
	Explain the concept of fixed and wandering cells in areolar tissue.
	Correlate the functions of areolar tissue on the basis of matrix and cells.
	Describe the features of cartilage matrix and cells.
	Explain functions of cartilage on the basis of its structure.
	Classify cartilage and give examples of sites where they are found.
	Explain the functional correlation between gross and histological structure of connective tissues.
	Recognise connective tissues in general by virtue of abundant matrix and few cells.
	Recognise mesenchymal tissue (umbilical cord) on the basis of the appearance of the matrix.
	Identify types of connective tissue proper on the basis of fibre arrangement.
	Distinguish between muscle and connective tissue fibres and between collagen and elastic fibres on the basis of differential staining; recognise reticular fibres with reticulum stain. (Details of staining techniques not essential, should know the name).	Overlapping with other labs.
	Recognise the fact that elastic elements can occur in the form of sheets rather than fibres.
	Identify and describe connective tissue associated with epithelia (lamina propria, submucosa, dermis).
	Identify white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular) fat cells and adipose tissue.
	Identify three varieties of cartilage, describe their features as seen in histological sections and illustrate with simple line diagrams.
	Illustrate with simple line diagrams the cells and fibres of areolar tissue.
Vertebral column	Describe the extent and regions of the vertebral column.
	Identify regions of the vertebral column on an articulated skeleton.
	Explain primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column.
	Describe the parts of a generalised vertebra with functional correlations.
	Describe salient features of regional vertebrae.
	Identify parts of a generalised vertebra and features of regional vertebrae.
	Recognise the atlas, axis and L5 as atypical vertebrae.
	Describe the joints between vertebrae with special reference to the parts of the intervertebral disc.
	Identify the joints between vertebrae and their ligaments, parts of the intervertebral disc.
	Outline the basic concepts of movements of the vertebral column : limitation of movement between individual vertebrae, motion segment, summation over the entire column and special terms used.
	Summarise the muscles of the vertebral column. (Description in terms of groups, with concepts of superficial and deep muscles, long and short muscles.)
	Identify the muscles of the vertebral column as groups.
	Outline the development of the vertebral column.
	Outline the functional implications of the column in selected species.
	Identify the contents of the vertebral canal  : spinal cord, spinal nerves, meninges (mainly dura mater), cauda equina.
	Explain the segmental arrangement of the spinal cord and its relationship to the vertebrae on the basis of growth of the two.
	Describe the formation of a typical spinal nerve.
	Demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of injuries to the vertebral column including disc prolapse and their consequences for the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
	Correlate properties of white fibrocartilage with its function in the vertebral column.
	Recognise ligaments of the vertebral column as types of connective tissue. (Special reference to ligamenta flava).
Body Wall and Coelomic cavity	Explain the terms paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm.
	Define 'somite' and describe its subdivisions.
	List the derivatives of sclerotome, dermatome and myotome.
	Describe the formation of epaxial and hypaxial musculature.
	Correlate the distribution of spinal nerves with derivatives of somites.
	Describe the formation of coelomic cavity by splitting of mesoderm.
	Name the parts of the coelomic cavity.	Details of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum listed separately.
	Correlate the development of body wall and coelomic cavities with the general plan of thorax and abdomen.
	Name the major muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls with their nerve supply.
Nervous Tissue and PNS	Describe the parts of a typical neuron and correlate with the functioning of a neuron.
	Outline the structure and function of myelin sheath.
	Name neuroglial cells and state their functions.
	Outline the general plan of the peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves, sensory and autonomic ganglia, concept of “distribution” of a peripheral nerve).
	Describe the histological structure of a peripheral nerve.
	Recognise and identify the connective tissue layers associated with a nerve. (Epi- and perineurium, endoneurium may be difficult to identify.)
	Recognise appearance of myelinated nerve fibres in cross section and identify them.
	Describe nodes of Ranvier and the relationship between Schwann cells and nerve fibres by illustrating with a simple line diagram.
	Distinguish between neuron bodies and nerve fibres in sections of ganglia.
	Distinguish between white and grey matter in sections of the spinal cord and correlate with the structure of neurons.
	Recognise motor neurons in the ventral grey horn of a section of the spinal cord.
Thorax - Walls, cavity and viscera	Identify the components of the skeleton of the thorax. (Features of thoracic vertebrae have been dealt with in the Vertebral Column Lab. Regarding ribs : Core material is identification of the parts of a typical rib including the costal groove, identification of the first rib, the concept of ribs being attached to the sternum directly or indirectly, 11th and 12th ribs, the concept of costal margin.)	Essential preliminary : Review of cardiovascular and respiratory systems from HB 102.
	Identify the muscular components of the thoracic wall.
	Recognise the mediastinum and the relative positions of the thoracic viscera.
	Recognise that some structure pass through the entire extent of the thorax while some do not.
	Identify the sympathetic chain and recognise its ganglia.
	Appreciate the surface anatomy of the thorax.
	Describe the position of the heart in the thorax.
	Label, in a diagram the borders and salient external features of the heart : apex, base and diaphragmatic surface, coronary sulcus, auricles, atria and ventricles and the great vessels.
	Identify in the right atrium : smooth part, crista terminalis, pectinate muscles, openings on the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
	Identify, in a specimen or a model, the four valves.
	Identify coronary arteries.
	Describe the conducting system of the heart.
	Distinguish between right and left lungs on the basis of fissures and lobes.
	Explain the concept of bronchopulmonary segment.
	Describe the difference between visceral and parietal pleura.
	Describe the major regions of parietal pleura including costodiaphragmatic recess and cardiophrenic angles.
	Identify major structures in the mediastinum : arch of aorta and its branches, trachea and principal bronchi, oesophagus, superior vena cava, sympathetic chain. Vagus and phrenic nerves.
	Identify the muscular part and the central tendon of the diaphragm.